A programming language is a form of communication with the web, in this case, it is the way in which code is written to result in a web page...
Examples of programming languages are Java, Python, Javascript, PHP, ...
Framework is a toolbox based on a programming language that will allow a project to be assembled based on a particular predefined architecture or form. For example node, angular uses javascript as a base. A framework has the function of making life easier when using a language, such as managing databases more easily,...
Library is a dependency that is included in a web project to provide certain functionality, such as the inclusion of a library in a javascript project that allows you to have images in a section of your website with a type of special effect.
An example of a javascript library is Jquery. It is a library based on javascript whose function is to allow, with less code, to do a greater number of functions.
Javascript can be used both in Frontend and Backend: in the frontend you can use the javascript libraries vanilla JS, Angular, React,... On the backend server side, the Node library is used.